This screening-level assessment quantifies the impact of cooling coil biofouling—a 'silent tax' on
facility budgets caused by increased static pressure and diminished heat transfer.
Calculations are based on building type, conditioned area, local utility rates, and local climate
inputs utilizing peer-reviewed ASHRAE research and local NOAA climate data for accuracy and
transparency.
UV first costs, and incentive metrics are planning estimates intended to guide toward a
reliable roadmap for reclaiming lost operational margins.
TRM v
Methodology & References (Screening-Level)
This calculator provides a screening-level engineering estimate of potential HVAC energy
recovery
associated with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) applied to cooling coils.
Energy impacts are modeled using physically distinct mechanisms:
• Airside fan energy recovery associated with pressure-drop (ΔP) reduction
• Cooling energy recovery associated with restored coil heat-transfer effectiveness (ΔT)
Baseline energy is derived from user-provided facility characteristics and conservative
operating
schedule assumptions typical of the selected building type. Climate normalization uses NOAA NCEI
1991–2020 CDD65 normals (airport stations).
Recovery bands reflect ranges reported in published field studies and ASHRAE technical guidance.
While this tool is not a measurement and verification study, its structure aligns conceptually
with industry M&V frameworks (ASHRAE Guideline 14 and IPMVP) through transparent baseline
definition,
explicit assumption disclosure, and separation of measure effects.
For chilled water systems (v2.6.0+), UV-C coil irradiation improves overall enthalpy-based
thermal conductance (UA), which raises chilled water return temperature, reduces required
flow rate, and decreases chiller and pump energy. Recovery bands use a parallel table
(RECOVERY_TABLE_CW) anchored to a 15.62% UA improvement yielding approximately 16%
integrated chiller+pump savings in the Calculated mid-case, with the high band approaching
28.2% chiller savings reported in a 7-week severe-fouling scenario (Rebecca et al., 2024).
Baseline chiller efficiency (kW/ton) is derived from equipment age band per ASHRAE 90.1
minimum efficiency tiers, ranging from 0.52 kW/ton (new equipment) to 0.85 kW/ton (20+
year equipment). For Mixed systems, DX and CW baselines and recovery percentages are
blended by the chilled water fraction. Tower makeup water savings are estimated at 0.10 gal/ton-hr — a conservative blowdown-reduction proxy — applied at the user-provided combined water+sewer rate in $/CCF (1 CCF = 748 gallons; AWWA 2022 non-residential median default: $7.00/CCF). Centrifugal chiller efficiency is nonlinear with load, peaking at 40–70% load
per ASHRAE 90.1 IPLV methodology. UV-C coil irradiation restores fouled chillers toward
their design operating point, so the linear screening assumption is considered conservative.
IPLV-based analysis using measured BAS trend data is recommended for IGA-grade assessment.
UVGI & Coil Performance Basis
• ASHRAE Handbook (2019). Chapter 62 – Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment.
• Bahnfleth, W. et al. (2015). Field Study of Energy Use Related Effects of Ultraviolet Germicidal
Irradiation of a Cooling Coil. Pennsylvania State University.
• Bahnfleth, W. (2017). Cooling Coil Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation. ASHRAE Journal 59(10):
72–74.
• Martin, Bahnfleth et al. (2008). Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Current Best Practices.
ASHRAE
Journal.
• Brais, N. (2015). Coil Cleaning: UV Fundamental Sizing and Energy Savings. September 2015.
• Kowalski, W. (2009). Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook. Springer.
• Levetin, E. et al. (2001). Effectiveness of germicidal UV radiation for reducing fungal
contamination
within air-handling units. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
• Rebecca, A., Woo, D., Guha, A. (2024). An energy efficiency and cost analysis of utilizing
high-intensity profile UVC systems on an AHU under a cool-humid climate. Building and
Environment, 265, 111989. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111989
Measurement & Verification Alignment
• ASHRAE Guideline 14 – Measurement of Energy, Demand, and Water Savings.
• International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP).
• DOE Uniform Methods Project (UMP).
• IUVA M&V Guidelines for Performance-Based Contracts (2021).
Climate & Environmental Factors
• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Climate Normals 1991–2020.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator.
This reference list represents foundational sources informing screening-level modeling assumptions.
Detailed methodology, assumptions, and version governance are maintained in the calculator’s Technical
Reference Manual (TRM), which tracks modeling revisions and supporting research.